<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-3095</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10421</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinpract10163-71</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Deep stimulation in neurosurgery</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глубинная стимуляция в нейрохирургии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-9088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinkin</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинкин</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor - neurosurgeon, candidate of medical sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач - нейрохирург, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>aleksandr_kalinkin27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinokurov</surname><given-names>Alexey G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винокуров</surname><given-names>Алексей Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Neurosurgical Department of the Federal Clinical Research Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow; neurosurgeon doctor, candidate of medical sciences, doctor of the highest category</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующий нейрохирургическим отделением ФНКЦ ФМБА России, г. Москва, кандидат медицинских наук, врач-нейрохирург, врач высшей категории</p></bio><email>avinok@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinkina</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинкина</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor - maxillofacial surgeon</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> врач – челюстно-лицевой хирург </p></bio><email>aleksandr_kalinkin27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilinykh</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильиных</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor - neurosurgeon</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач - нейрохирург </p></bio><email>aleksandr_kalinkin27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bocharov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor - neurosurgeon, candidate of medical sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач – нейрохирург</p></bio><email>aleksandr_kalinkin27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Durov</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дуров</surname><given-names>Олег Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor - neurosurgeon, candidate of medical sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, врач – нейрохирург</p></bio><email>aleksandr_kalinkin27@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>Evgeny N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Евгений Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor - neurologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач – невролог</p></bio><email>avinok@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chupalenkov</surname><given-names>Sergey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чупаленков</surname><given-names>Сергей Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>5th year student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студен 5-го курса </p></bio><email>avinok@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Medical Assistance and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry a.n. A.I. Evdokimov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-04-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Клиническая практика</issue-title><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-11-01"><day>01</day><month>11</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Kalinkin A.A., Vinokurov A.G., Kalinkina O.N., Ilinykh A.S., Bocharov A.A., Durov O.V., Isaev E.N., Chupalenkov S.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Калинкин А.А., Винокуров А.Г., Калинкина О.Н., Ильиных А.С., Бочаров А.А., Дуров О.В., Исаев Е.Н., Чупаленков С.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kalinkin A.A., Vinokurov A.G., Kalinkina O.N., Ilinykh A.S., Bocharov A.A., Durov O.V., Isaev E.N., Chupalenkov S.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Калинкин А.А., Винокуров А.Г., Калинкина О.Н., Ильиных А.С., Бочаров А.А., Дуров О.В., Исаев Е.Н., Чупаленков С.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/10421">https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/10421</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The technique of deep brain stimulation is used to treat patients with various diseases of the central nervous system who are not amenable to conservative therapy, while open interventions in them are associated with a high risk of complications. In the review, we evaluate the efficiency of the deep stimulation of different regions of the brain in some pharmacoresistant forms of diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Методика глубинной стимуляции головного мозга применяется для лечения пациентов с различными заболеваниями центральной нервной системы, которые не поддаются консервативной терапии, а открытые вмешательства сопряжены с высоким риском осложнений. В обзоре оценивается эффективность глубинной стимуляции различных участков головного мозга при некоторых фармакорезистентных формах заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>deep stimulation</kwd><kwd>epilepsy</kwd><kwd>parkinsonism</kwd><kwd>essential tremor</kwd><kwd>dystonia</kwd><kwd>cerebral palsy</kwd><kwd>Turett disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глубинная стимуляция</kwd><kwd>эпилепсия</kwd><kwd>паркинсонизм</kwd><kwd>эссенциальный тремор</kwd><kwd>дистония</kwd><kwd>детский церебральный паралич</kwd><kwd>болезнь Туретта</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Delgado Jose M. Physical control of the mind: toward a psychocivilized society. New York City: Harper and Row; 1970. рр. 76–98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bekar L, Libionka W, Tian GF, et al. Adenosine is crucial for deep brain stimulation-mediated attenuation of tremor. Nat Med. 2008;14(1):75–80. doi: 10.1038/nm1693.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kusske JA, Ojemann GA, Ward AA. Effects of lesions in ventral anterior thalamus on experimental focal epilepsy. Exp Neurol. 1972;34(2):279–290. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(72)90174-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Mirski MA, Ferrendelli JA. Anterior thalamic mediation of generalized pentylenetetrazol seizures. Brain Res. 1986;399(2):212–223. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91511-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Mirski MA, Ferrendelli JA. Interruption of the connections of the mammillary bodies protects against generalized pentylenetetrazol seizures in guinea pigs. J Neurosci. 1987;7(3):662–670. doi: 10.1523/jneurosci.07-03-00662.1987.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Cooper IS, Amin I, Gilman S. The effect of chronic cerebellar stimulation upon epilepsy in man. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1973;98:192–196.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kerrigan JF, Litt B, Fisher RS, et al. Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2004;45(4):346–354. doi: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.01304.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Osorio I, Overman J, Giftakis J, Wilkinson SB. High frequency thalamic stimulation for inoperable mesial temporal epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2007;48(8):1561–1571. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01044.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fisher R, Salanova V, Witt T, et al. Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(5):899–908. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02536.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Суфианов А.А., Матвеев Е.И., Орлов А.С., Шабалов В.А. Результаты лечения фармакорезистентной эпилепсии методом стимуляции блуждающего нерва. В сб.: Поленовские чтения: материалы XII всероссийской научно-практической конференции. / Под ред. В.П. Берсенева. — СПб.: Человек и его здоровье; 2013. — С. 303–304. [Sufianov AA, Matveev EI, Orlov AS, Shabalov VA. Rezul’taty lecheniya farmakorezistentnoI epilepsii metodom stimulyatsii bluzhdayushchego nerva. In: Polenovskie chteniya: materialy XII vserossijskoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii. Ed by Bersenev VP. Sankt-Peterburg: Chelovek i ego zdorov’e; 2013. pp. 303–304. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Velasco AL, Velasco F, Jiménez F, et al. Neuromodulation of the centromedian thalamic nuclei in the treatment of generalized seizures and the improvement of the quality of life in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Epilepsia. 2006;47(7):1203–1212. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00593.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Valentín A, García Navarrete E, Chelvarajah R, et al. Deep brain stimulation of the centromedian thalamic nucleus for the treatment of generalized and frontal epilepsies. Epilepsia. 2013;54(10):1823–1833. doi: 10.1111/epi.12352.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Biraben A, Semah F, Ribeiro MJ, et al. PET evidence for a role of the basal ganglia in patients with ring chromosome 20 epilepsy. Neurology. 2004;63(1):73–77. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000132840.40838.13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Chkhenkeli SA, Sramka M, Lortkipanidze GS, et al. Electrophysiological effects and clinical results of direct brain stimulation for intractable epilepsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004;106(4):318–329. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2004.01.009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Velasco AL, Velasco F, Velasco M, et al. Electrical stimulation of the hippocampal epileptic foci for seizure control: a double-blind, long-term follow-up study. Epilepsia. 2007;48(10):1895–1903. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01181.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Min B, Guoming L, Jian Z. Treatment of medial temporal lobe epilepsy with amygdalohippocampal stimulation: a case series and literature review [Internet]. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 2013;5(4):1264–1268. doi: 10.3892/etm.2013.968.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Cukiert A, Cukiert CM, Burattini JA, Lima AM. Seizure outcome after hippocampal deep brain stimulation in a prospective cohort of patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure. 2014;23(1):6–9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2013.08.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Velasco F, Carrillo-Ruiz JD, Brito F, et al. Double-blind, randomized controlled pilot study of bilateral cerebellar stimulation for treatment of intractable motor seizures. Epilepsia. 2005;46(7):1071–1081. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.70504.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Odekerken VJ, Boel JA, Geurtsen GJ, et al. Neuropsychological outcome after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2015;84(13):1355–1361. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001419.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Pouratian N, Thakkar S, Kim W, Bronstein JM. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: efficacy and safety. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2012;2012(2):107–117. doi: 10.2147/DNND.S25750.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Wilkinson SB, et al. Long-term evaluation of deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. J Neurosurg. 2006;104(4):506–512. doi: 10.3171/jns.2006.104.4.506.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Акшулаков С.К., Шашкин Ч.С., Махамбетов Е.Т., и др. Хирургическое лечение болезни Паркинсона // Нейрохирургия и неврология Казахстана. — 2014. — №4 — С. 3–5. [Akshulakov S, Shashkin ChS, Makhambetov YeТ, et al. Surgical treatment of parkinson’s disease. Neirokhirurgiya i nevrologiya Kazakhstana. 2014;(4):3–5. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Abbate-Daga G, Marzola E, Amianto F, et al. Personality and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in parkinson’s disease. Int Neuropsychiatr Dis J. 2014;2(6):356–367. doi: 10.9734/indj/2014/11740.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Törnqvist AL, Schalén L, Rehncrona S. Effects of different electrical parameter settings on the intelligibility of speech in patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord. 2005;20(4):416–423. doi: 10.1002/mds.20348.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Wojtecki L, Timmermann L, Jörgens S, et al. Frequency-dependent reciprocal modulation of verbal fluency and motor functions in subthalamic deep brain stimulation. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(9):1273 – 1276. doi: 10.1001/archneur.63.9.1273.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Contarino MF, Daniele A, Sibilia AH, et al. Cognitive outcome 5 years after bilateral chronic stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(3):248–252. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.086660.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Romann AJ, Dornelles S, Maineri NL, et al. Cognitive assessment instruments in Parkinson’s disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulation. Dement Neuropsychol. 2012;6(1):2–11. doi: 10.1590/S1980-57642012DN06010002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Mazzone P, Lozano A, Stanzione P. Implantation of human pedunculopontine nucleus: a safe and clinically relevant target in Parkinson’s disease. Neuroreport. 2005;16(17):1877–1881. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000187629.38010.12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Plaha P, Gill SS. Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson’s disease. Neuroreport. 2005;16(17):1883–1887. doi: 10.1097/01.wnr.0000187637.20771.a0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Blomstedt P, Hariz MI. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders before DBS for movement disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16(7):429–433. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.04.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Fytagoridis A, Sandvik U, Aström M, et al. Long term follow-up of deep brain stimulation of the caudal zona incerta for essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(3):258–262. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-300765.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Limousin P, Speelman JD, Gielen F, Janssens M. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1999;66(3):289–296. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.66.3.289.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Sydow O, Thobois S, Alesch F, Speelman JD. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in essential tremor: a six year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(10):1387–1391. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.10.1387.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang K, Bhatia S, Oh MY, et al. Long-term results of thalamic deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(6):1271–1276. doi: 10.3171/2009.10.JNS09371.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Тюрников В.М., Федотова Е.Ю., Иванова Е.О., и др. Хирургическое лечение эссенциального тремора: хроническая электростимуляция мозга с двусторонней имплантацией электродов в вентральное промежуточное ядро таламуса // Атмосфера. — 2013. — №3 — С. 22–28. [Tyurnikov VM, Fedotova EYu, Ivanova EO, et al. Khirurgicheskoe lechenie essentsial’nogo tremora: khronicheskaya elektrostimulyatsiya mozga s dvustoronnei implantatsiei elektrodov v ventral’noe promezhutochnoe yadro talamusa. Atmosfera. 2013;(3):22–28. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Huss DS, Dallapiazza RF, Shah BB, et al. Functional assessment and quality of life in essential tremor with bilateral or unilateral DBS and focused ultrasound thalamotomy. Mov Disord. 2015;30(14):1937–1943. doi: 10.1002/mds.26455.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Chen T, Mirzadeh Z, Chapple K, et al. «Asleep» deep brain stimulation for essential tremor. J Neurosurg. 2016;124(6):1842–1849. doi: 10.3171/2015.6.JNS15526.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Sun B, Chen S, Zhan S, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation for primary dystonia and tardive dystonia. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(2):207–214. doi: 10.1007/978-3-211-33081-4_23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Cif L, El Fertit H, Vayssiere N, et al. Treatment of dystonic syndromes by chronic electrical stimulation of the internal globus pallidus. J Neurosurg Sci. 2003;47(1):52–55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Vidailhet M, Vercueil L, Houeto JL, et al. Bilateral deep-brain stimulation of the globus pallidus in primary generalized dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(5):459–467. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042187.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kupsch A, Benecke R, Muller J, et al. Pallidal deep-brain stimulation in primary generalized or segmental dystonia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(19):1978–1990. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa063618.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Aydin S, Abuzayed B, Uysal S, et al. Pallidal deep brain stimulation in a 5-year-old child with dystonic storm turkish. Turk Neurosurg. 2013;23(1):125–128. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.4579-11.0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Yadav R, Ansari AZ, Surathi P, et al. Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation in idiopathic dystonic camptocormia. Neurol India. 2015;63(6):911–914. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.170080.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Meoni S, Zurowski M., Lozano AM, et al. Long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes after pallidal stimulation in primary and secondary dystonia. Neurology. 2015;85(5):433–440. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001811.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Galanda M, Horvath S. Stereotactic stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum in cerebral palsy from a suboccipital approach. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2007;97(2):239–243. doi: 10.1007/978-3-211-33081-4_27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Olaya JE, Christian E, Ferman D, et al. Deep brain stimulation in children and young adults with secondary dystonia: the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles experience. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;35(5):E7. doi: 10.3171/2013.8.FOCUS13300.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Romito LM, Zorzi G, Marras CE, et al. Pallidal stimulation for acquired dystonia due to cerebral palsy: beyond 5 years. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(3):426–432. doi: 10.1111/ene.12596.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Keen JR, Przekop A, Olaya JE, et al. Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of childhood dystonic cerebral palsy. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(6):585–593. doi: 10.3171/2014.8.PEDS141.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Vidailhet M, Yelnik J, Lagrange C, et al. Bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation for the treatment of patients with dystonia-choreoathetosis cerebral palsy: a prospective pilot study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(8):709–717. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70151-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Kim JP, Chang WS, Cho SR, Chang JW. The effect of bilateral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation plus ventralis oralis thalamotomy on patients with cerebral palsy. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2012;90(5):292–299. doi: 10.1159/000338093.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Visser-Vandewalle V, Ackermans L, van der Linden C, et al. Deep brain stimulation in Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3):E590. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000207959.53198.D6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Welter ML, Mallet L, Houeto JL, et al. Internal pallidal and thalamic stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(7):952–957. doi: 10.1001/archneur.65.7.952.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang JG, Ge Y, Stead M, et al. Long-term outcome of globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation in patients with Tourette syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(11):1506–1514. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.05.019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Крылов В.В., Коновалов А.Н., Дашьян В.Г., и др. Состояние нейрохирургической службы в Российской Федерации // Вопросы нейрохирургии им. Н.Н. Бурденко. — 2016. — Т.81. — №3 — С. 3–22. [Krylov VV, Konovalov AN, Dash’yan VG, et al. Neurosurgery in Russian Federation. Zhurnal voprosy neirokhirurgii imeni N.N. Burdenko. 2016;81(3):3–22. (In Russ).] doi: 10.17116/neiro20178075-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Симонов П. Мозг принимает решение // Наука и жизнь. — 1974. — №11 — С. 56–60. [Simonov P. Mozg prinimaet reshenie. Nauka i zhizn’. 1974;(11):56–60. (In Russ).]</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Rizzo G, Copetti M, Arcuti S, et al. Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2016;86(6):566–576. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000002350.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
