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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-3095</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">26339</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinpract26339</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Urgent publication</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Срочно  в номер</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">COVID-19. Aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>COVID-19. Этиология, патогенез, диагностика и лечение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1039-4245</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3968-2971</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baklaushev</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баклаушев</surname><given-names>Владимир Павлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н, заместитель генерального директора по научной работе и медицинским технологиям</p></bio><email>baklaushev.vp@fnkc-fmba.ru</email><uri>https://fnkc-fmba.ru/about/komanda-upravleniya/</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4706-623X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8756-5765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulemzin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулемзин</surname><given-names>Сергей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., старший научный сотрудник лаборатории иммуногенетики</p></bio><email>s.kulemzin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2830-4236</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorchakov</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горчаков</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>andrey.gorchakov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5483-3113</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lesnyak</surname><given-names>V. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лесняк</surname><given-names>Виктор Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. отделением рентгенологии</p></bio><email>lesnyak_kb83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3056-4889</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1559-5866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusubalieva</surname><given-names>G. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юсубалиева</surname><given-names>Гаухар Маратовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., ст. науч. сотр. лаборатории клеточных технологий</p></bio><email>gaukhar@gaukhar.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sotnikova</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сотникова</surname><given-names>Анна Геннадиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. отделением пульмонологии</p></bio><email>sotnikoffaa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий Федерального медико-биологического агентства России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Pulmonology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии Федерального медико-биологического агентства России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2020-04-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-05-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>05</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-09"><day>09</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Baklaushev V.P., Kulemzin S.V., Gorchakov А.А., Lesnyak V.N., Yusubalieva G.M., Sotnikova A.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Баклаушев В.П., Кулемзин С.В., Горчаков А.А., Лесняк В.Н., Юсубалиева Г.М., Сотникова А.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baklaushev V.P., Kulemzin S.V., Gorchakov А.А., Lesnyak V.N., Yusubalieva G.M., Sotnikova A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Баклаушев В.П., Кулемзин С.В., Горчаков А.А., Лесняк В.Н., Юсубалиева Г.М., Сотникова А.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/26339">https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/26339</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is a new epidemic infectious disease characterized by a relatively high contagiousness and a high probability of life-threatening complications such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute respiratory and multiple organ failure. The causative agent of the disease is the enveloped zoonotic RNA virus known as SARS-CoV-2. Together with the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses, which cause severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome, respectively, it belongs to the Coronaviridae family, the genus Betacoronavirus. The COVID-19 epidemic has spread rapidly around the world and currently hit 213 countries with more than 1.6 million confirmed cases, of which more than 90.000 have died so far. In Russian Federation, SARS-CoV-2 infection is included in the list of diseases that pose a danger to others, along with especially dangerous infections. The virus is transmitted by airborne droplets, airborne dust and contact routes, therefore, to protect medical staff it is necessary to use individual protective suits and accessories, with protection of the respiratory tract and eyes, disinfection of hands and surfaces as when working with the BSL-2 microorganisms. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is confirmed using real-time RT-PCR diagnostics detecting the presence of viral RNA. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 vary from mild and moderate (pneumonia without signs of hypoxemia and impaired O<sub>2</sub> saturation, 80% of all cases), to severe (15% of cases, O<sub>2</sub> saturation 89–93%) and extremely severe (5% of cases, ARDS, multiple organ failure, mechanical ventilation and resuscitation are necessary). The typical clinical presentation of COVID19 patients includes the following: severe fever, dry cough, respiratory failure, combined with lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia, normal procalcitonin, elevated levels of ferritin and CRP in the blood with signs of bilateral, polysegmental pneumonia and the “ground glass” opacity on CT. Even in the absence of an unfavorable epidemiological anamnesis, these clinical signs can be recommended to admit the patient to an infectious isolation ward where he or she would wait for the results of PCR diagnostics and the diagnosis of COVID-19 be confirmed/ ruled out. Currently, no SARS-CoV-2-specific therapy is available for COVID-19 patients; the only method that has proven effective in several investigational trials is transfusion of convalescent plasma with high titers of neutralizing antibodies. A number of innovative treatments appear promising and include the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, ACE2-derived agents, as well as MSC- and NK-cell based cell therapies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>COVID-19 (от англ. Coronavirus disease 2019) — новое эпидемическое инфекционное заболевание, характеризующееся сравнительно высокой контагиозностью и вероятностью развития жизнеугрожающих осложнений в виде острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, острой дыхательной и полиорганной недостаточности. Возбудитель заболевания — оболочечный зоонозный РНК-вирус SARS-CoV-2 — относится к семейству Coronaviridae, роду Betacoronavirus, как и известные ранее вирусы SARS-CoV и MERS-CoV, которые вызывают тяжелый острый респираторный синдром и ближневосточный респираторный синдром соответственно. Эпидемия COVID-19 быстро распространилась по всему миру и в настоящее время охватывает 213 стран, в которых зарегистрировано более 1,6 млн заболевших, из которых на данный момент умерло более 90 000 человек. Постановлением Правительства Российской Федерации SARS-CoV-2 включен в перечень заболеваний, представляющих опасность для окружающих наряду с особо опасными инфекциями. Вирус передается воздушно-капельным, воздушно-пылевым и контактным путями, поэтому для защиты медперсонала необходимо применение индивидуальных защитных костюмов и принадлежностей с защитой дыхательных путей и глаз, проведение дезинфекции рук и поверхностей, как при работе с микроорганизмами I–II группы патогенности. Диагноз COVID-19 подтверждается с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) с обратной транскрипцией в режиме реального времени, определяющей наличие вирусной РНК. Клинические проявления COVID-19 варьируют от легкой и среднетяжелой (пневмония без нарушения сатурации O<sub>2 </sub>; суммарно — 81% всех случаев) до тяжелой (14% случаев; сатурация O<sub>2</sub> 89–93%) и крайне тяжелой (5% случаев; сатурация ≤88%, острая дыхательная недостаточность, полиорганная недостаточность, шок) степени. Клиническая картина острой респираторной вирусной инфекции с сильной лихорадкой, сухим кашлем, нарушениями дыхания, на фоне лимфо- и тромбоцитопении, нормального прокальцитонина, повышенных показателей ферритина и С-реактивного белка в крови с признаками билатеральной, полисегментарной пневмонии и очагами «матового стекла» и участками консолидации на компьютерной томограмме даже при отсутствии неблагоприятного эпидемиологического анамнеза позволяет с высокой долей вероятности поставить диагноз COVID-19 и госпитализировать пациента в инфекционный изолятор, не дожидаясь результатов ПЦР-диагностики. Специфическая этиотропная терапия COVID-19 отсутствует; единственный метод, показавший свою эффективность в ограниченных клинических испытаниях, — инфузия плазмы реконвалесцентов с высоким титром нейтрализующих антител. Большие надежды возлагаются на инновационные способы лечения, такие как создание рекомбинантных нейтрализующих агентов (моноклональные антитела, рекомбинантный ACE2 и др.) и терапия с помощью мезенхимальных стволовых или NK-клеток.</p> <p> </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>aethiology</kwd><kwd>pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>CT</kwd><kwd>therapy</kwd><kwd>MSCs</kwd><kwd>NK-cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирус</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>этиопатогенез</kwd><kwd>КТ-терапия</kwd><kwd>МСК</kwd><kwd>NK-клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий Федерального медико-биологического агентства России</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20.003.20.800</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Federal Research and Clinical Center of the Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia,</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ ФНКЦ ФМБА России</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. 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