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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-3095</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">680846</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinpract680846</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QAEGZM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Microcystic macular edema: clinical significance and pathogenetic mechanisms</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микрокистозный макулярный отёк: клиническое значение и патогенетические механизмы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4206-032X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>neurosurg@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3339-2290</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Plokhikh</surname><given-names>Ilona V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плохих</surname><given-names>Илона Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilona-kirsanova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7785-3602</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Djanbekova</surname><given-names>Liana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джанбекова</surname><given-names>Лиана Мурадовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mm.mumakova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9749-6536</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyan</surname><given-names>Arkadiy E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тян</surname><given-names>Аркадий Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>arkashatyan@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1393-0266</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nafikova</surname><given-names>Guzel I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нафикова</surname><given-names>Гузель Илдусовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gzzz1470@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6223-2175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Antipina</surname><given-names>Guzel I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Антипина</surname><given-names>Гузель Илшатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>g-gabbasova@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1857-8831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bikbulatova</surname><given-names>Alina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бикбулатова</surname><given-names>Алина Ильвировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Alina.haibullina1997@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1672-9212</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rybina</surname><given-names>Yulia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыбина</surname><given-names>Юлия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rubina.kosroma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0835-7941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khulagov</surname><given-names>Muslim S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хулагов</surname><given-names>Муслим Саидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mxulagov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5432-6418</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Batdyeva</surname><given-names>Malika I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батдыева</surname><given-names>Малика Исламовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>malika011112@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7784-7180</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gaifullina</surname><given-names>Kamilla M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гайфуллина</surname><given-names>Камилла Маратовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kamilla01gai@icloud.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0508-8174</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>Inna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Инна Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>inna.vasileva.01.01@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7276-1662</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivosheeva</surname><given-names>Anastasia E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривошеева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>n.arteva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5499-0268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usmanov</surname><given-names>Ilmir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усманов</surname><given-names>Ильмир Афзалович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ilmir.usmanov14@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ярославский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ingush State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ингушский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North Caucasian State Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Кавказская государственная академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>70</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-28"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-29"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/680846">https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/680846</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Microcystic macular edema represents a specific type of intraretinal cystic changes, localizing predominantly in the inner nuclear layer and detectable using the optical coherence tomography. Contrary to the classic concepts on the macular edema as a result of vascular permeability, microcystic macular edema is not accompanied by exudation and it is perceived as the manifestation of neuroglial dysfunction, often associated with the damaging of the optic nerve. Initially described in patients with multiple sclerosis, microcystic macular edema was subsequently detected in the wide spectrum of diseases, including glaucoma, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, diabetic retinopathy, occlusion of the retinal veins, senile macular degeneration and epiretinal membranes. The key pathogenetic mechanisms are considered the retrograde transsynaptic degeneration of the ganglionic cells in the retina and the functional/structural damage of the Muller’s cells, in particular, the impaired operation of the AQP4 aquaporin channels. The morphological features of the microcystic macular edema, its location and clinical significance vary depending on the main disease and in a number of cases can act as the early biomarker of the neurodegenerative process. The article contains the pathophysiological models, the clinical correlates and the modern methods of the diagnostics of microcystic macular edema with special emphasis on the role of multimodal visualization and artificial intelligence technologies. Taking into consideration the rates of accidental detection and the potential relation to the systemic diseases, microcystic macular edema should be considered not as an isolated ophthalmology condition, but as the component of wider neuroretinal disorder requiring interdisciplinary approach to the diagnostics and follow-up.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Микрокистозный макулярный отёк представляет собой специфический тип интраретинальных кистозных изменений, локализующихся преимущественно во внутреннем ядерном слое и выявляемых с помощью оптической когерентной томографии. Вопреки классическим представлениям о макулярном отёке как следствии сосудистой проницаемости, микрокистозный макулярный отёк не сопровождается экссудацией и рассматривается как проявление нейроглиальной дисфункции, часто ассоциированной с поражением зрительного нерва. Первоначально описанный у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом микрокистозный макулярный отёк впоследствии был обнаружен при широком спектре патологий, включая глаукому, нейромиелит спектра AQP4, диабетическую ретинопатию, окклюзию вен сетчатки, возрастную макулярную дегенерацию и эпиретинальные мембраны. Ключевыми патогенетическими механизмами считают ретроградную транссинаптическую дегенерацию ганглиозных клеток сетчатки и функциональное/структурное нарушение клеток Мюллера, в частности нарушение работы аквапориновых каналов AQP4. Морфологические особенности микрокистозного макулярного отёка, его локализация и клиническое значение варьируют в зависимости от основного заболевания, а в ряде случаев могут служить ранним биомаркером нейродегенеративного процесса. В статье рассматриваются патофизиологические модели, клинические корреляты и современные методы диагностики микрокистозного макулярного отёка с особым акцентом на роль мультимодальной визуализации и технологий искусственного интеллекта. Учитывая частоту случайного выявления и потенциальную связь с системными заболеваниями, микрокистозный макулярный отёк следует рассматривать не как изолированное офтальмологическое состояние, а как компонент более широкой нейроретинальной патологии, требующей междисциплинарного подхода к диагностике и наблюдению.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>microcystic macular edema</kwd><kwd>Muller’s cells</kwd><kwd>retinal neurodegeneration</kwd><kwd>optical coherence tomography</kwd><kwd>retrograde degeneration</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микрокистозный макулярный отёк</kwd><kwd>клетки Мюллера</kwd><kwd>ретинальная нейродегенерация</kwd><kwd>оптическая когерентная томография</kwd><kwd>ретроградная дегенерация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Burggraaff MC, Trieu J, de Vries-Knoppert WA, et al. The clinical spectrum of microcystic macular edema. 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