<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-3095</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">689929</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinpract689929</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GHGOLI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические случаи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pesticide-induced systemic scleroderma: a case report</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинический случай системной склеродермии, ассоциированной с применением пестицидов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7542-8189</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8331-3656</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Georginova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Георгинова</surname><given-names>Ольга Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>olga.georginova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8265-6802</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8220-7129</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishanina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришанина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>grishanina-2000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6563-5598</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Michurina</surname><given-names>Antonina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мичурина</surname><given-names>Антонина Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>michurinaa6@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2387-9930</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8847-1318</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Егор Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>embrevas1507@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7901-6635</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9387-0270</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeev</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеев</surname><given-names>Владимир Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>avdeevvg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-6453</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3539-7327</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Strizhakov</surname><given-names>Leonid A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрижаков</surname><given-names>Леонид Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>strizhakov76@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6175-1076</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5524-6595</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnova</surname><given-names>Tatyana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>krasnovamgu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1490-2078</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8240-1733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Seredenina</surname><given-names>Elena M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Середенина</surname><given-names>Елена Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>e.m.seredenina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>196</fpage><lpage>206</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-27"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-02"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/689929">https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/689929</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Systemic sclerosis, or systemic scleroderma, is a rare autoimmune connective tissue disease. The presented clinical case highlights that taking an occupational history is essential in patients with suspected systemic connective tissue diseases for early detection of autoimmune disorders caused by occupational exposures and timely elimination of adverse environmental factors. This article discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms by which pesticides may induce immune disorders, promoting systemic scleroderma. <bold>CLINICAL CASE DESCRIPTION:</bold> This article presents a case of systemic scleroderma caused by prolonged occupational exposure to pesticides (cypermethrin, bromadiolone, and chlorpyrifos) used for rodent control. The condition manifested as triphasic Raynaud disease, as confirmed by nailfold capillaroscopy findings. This was followed by skin induration on the face, arms, and trunk, with a baseline modified Rodnan skin score of 28, polyarthralgia, and interstitial lung disease. Immunological tests revealed a high titer of antinuclear antibodies (1:1280) and anti-topoisomerase I antibodies (Scl-70), which was consistent with systemic scleroderma. The disease had a fluctuating course, with exacerbations following intercurrent viral infections. Immunosuppressive therapy with glucocorticoids and cytostatic agents (methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil) resulted in disease stabilization, with partial regression of cutaneous and visceral symptoms. <bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The unfavorable prognosis in the presented clinical case is associated with the chronic, progressive course of the disease, with a high risk of disability, deterioration in quality of life, and decrease in life expectancy. However, timely diagnosis and adequate pathogenetic therapy can considerably delay the progression of fibrotic changes and improve the prognosis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Системный склероз, или системная склеродермия, — редкое аутоиммунное заболевание соединительной ткани. Представленное в статье наблюдение подчёркивает необходимость тщательного сбора профессионального анамнеза у пациентов с подозрением на системные заболевания соединительной ткани, что может иметь решающее значение для раннего выявления профессионально обусловленных форм аутоиммунных патологий и своевременного устранения патогенных факторов внешней среды. В статье обсуждаются патофизиологические механизмы, посредством которых пестициды могут индуцировать иммунологические нарушения, способствуя развитию системной склеродермии. <bold>Описание клинического случая.</bold> Заболевание системной склеродермией, развившееся вследствие длительного профессионального контакта с пестицидами (циперметрином, бромандиолоном и хлорпирифосом), применяемыми в дератизационных целях, дебютировало с трёхфазного синдрома Рейно, подтверждённого результатами видеокапилляроскопии ногтевого ложа. В дальнейшем было отмечено прогрессирование клинической картины заболевания с уплотнением кожи лица, верхних конечностей и туловища (первоначальная сумма баллов толщины кожи 28 по модифицированной шкале Rodnan, mRSS), присоединением полиартралгий и интерстициальных изменений в лёгких. Иммунологическое исследование выявило высокий титр антинуклеарных антител (1:1280) и антител к топоизомеразе I (Scl-70), что соответствовало иммунологическим критериям системной склеродермии. Заболевание характеризовалось волнообразным течением с периодами обострений, провоцируемыми интеркуррентными вирусными инфекциями. На фоне иммуносупрессивной терапии глюкокортикоидами и цистостатическими препаратами (метотрексат, циклофосфамид, микофенолата мофетил) удалось достигнуть стабилизации клинического состояния и частичного регресса кожной и висцеральной симптоматики. <bold>Заключение.</bold> Неблагоприятный прогноз заболевания в описанном клиническом случае обусловлен хроническим прогрессирующим течением, ассоциированным с высоким риском инвалидизации, ухудшением качества жизни и снижением её продолжительности, в то же время своевременная диагностика и патогенетически обоснованная терапия позволяют существенно замедлить развитие фибротических изменений и улучшить прогноз.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic scleroderma</kwd><kwd>Raynaud disease</kwd><kwd>occupational factors</kwd><kwd>bromadiolone</kwd><kwd>zoocoumarin</kwd><kwd>Agran</kwd><kwd>chlorpyrifos</kwd><kwd>cypermethrin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная склеродермия</kwd><kwd>синдром Рейно</kwd><kwd>профессиональные факторы</kwd><kwd>бромадиолон</kwd><kwd>зоокумарин</kwd><kwd>агран</kwd><kwd>хлорпирифос</kwd><kwd>циперметрин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Volkmann ER, Andréasson K, Smith V. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2023;401(10373):304–318. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01692-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Ingegnoli F, Ughi N, Mihai C. Update on the epidemiology, risk factors, and disease outcomes of systemic sclerosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2018;32(2):223–240. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2018.08.005 EDN: KXKGLB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Broen JC, Radstake TR, Rossato M. The role of genetics and epigenetics in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(11):671–681. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2014.128</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Higashi-Kuwata N, Jinnin M, Makino T, et al. Characterization of monocyte/macrophage subsets in the skin and peripheral blood derived from patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(4):R128. doi: 10.1186/ar3066 EDN: OGLDMB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Yang X, Yang J, Xing X, et al. Increased frequency of Th17 cells in systemic sclerosis is related to disease activity and collagen overproduction. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(1):R4. doi: 10.1186/ar4430 EDN: DEMEXR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Argentino G, Barbieri A, Beri R, et al. Profibrotic effects of endothelin-1 on fibroblasts are mediated by aldosterone in vitro: relevance to the pathogenesis and therapy of systemic sclerosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2765. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10112765 EDN: ALURPM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Marvi U, Chung L. Digital ischemic loss in systemic sclerosis. Int J Rheumatol. 2010;(2010):130717. doi: 10.1155/2010/130717</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Tan FK, Zhou X, Mayes MD, et al. Signatures of differentially regulated interferon gene expression and vasculotrophism in the peripheral blood cells of systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45(6):694–702. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kei244</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kahaleh MB. Raynaud’s phenomenon and vascular disease in scleroderma. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1994;6(6):621–627. doi: 10.1097/00002281-199411000-00013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Schiopu E, Impens AJ, Phillips K. Digital ischemia in scleroderma spectrum of diseases. Int J Rheumatol. 2010;(2010):923743. doi: 10.1155/2010/923743</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Jimenez SA. Role of endothelial to mesenchymal transition in the pathogenesis of the vascular alterations in systemic sclerosis. ISRN Rheumatology. 2013;(2013):835948. doi: 10.1155/2013/835948</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Emmanuel A. Current management of the gastrointestinal complications of systemic sclerosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(8):461–472. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.99</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Roman S, Hot A, Fabien N, et al. Esophageal dysmotility associated with systemic sclerosis: a high-resolution manometry study: systemic sclerosis and esophageal HRM. Dis Esophagus. 2011;24(5):299–304. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01150.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Elhai M, Meune C, Boubaya M, et al. Mapping and predicting mortality from systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1897–1905. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211448</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Steele R, Hudson M, Lo E, et al. Clinical decision rule to predict the presence of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(4):519–524. doi: 10.1002/acr.21583</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Man A, Davidyock T, Ferguson LT, et al. Changes in forced vital capacity over time in systemic sclerosis: application of group-based trajectory modelling. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(8):1464–1471. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Asano Y. The pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis: an understanding based on a common pathologic cascade across multiple organs and additional organ-specific pathologies. J Clin Med. 2020;9(9):2687. doi: 10.3390/jcm9092687</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Allanore Y, Meune C, Kahan A. Outcome measures for heart involvement in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(Suppl 5):v51–v53. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken268</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kahan A, Coghlan G, McLaughlin V. Cardiac complications of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(suppl_3):iii45–iii48. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Hachulla AL, Launay D, Gaxotte V, et al. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional observational study of 52 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(12):1878–1884. doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.095836</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Dolzhenko VI, Karmazin AP, Astarkhanova TS. Effects of pesticides on human health and environment. Bulletin of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series Agronomy and animal industries. 2023;18(4):455–463. doi: 10.22363/2312-797X-2023-18-4-455-463 EDN: JLOCCD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mokarizadeh A, Faryabi MR, Rezvanfar MA, Abdollahi M. A comprehensive review of pesticides and the immune dysregulation: mechanisms, evidence and consequences. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2015;25(4):258–278. doi: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1020182</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lomanta JM, Atienza MA, Gonzales JR, et al. Erasmus syndrome: a case report and literature review. Am J Case Rep. 2022;23:e937061. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.937061 EDN: HSQSHC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Chen M, Ma Z, Hou J, et al. The effects of Cl- channel inhibitors and pyrethroid insecticides on calcium-activated chloride channels in neurons of Helicoverpa armigera. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2024;285:109999. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109999 EDN: ARUYEW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Kadala A, Charreton M, Jakob I, et al. Pyrethroids differentially alter voltage-gated sodium channels from the honeybee central olfactory neurons. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112194. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112194 EDN: UTHTCH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Arsuffi-Marcon R, Souza LG, Santos-Miranda A, Joviano-Santos JV. Neurotoxicity of Pyrethroids in neurodegenerative diseases: from animals’ models to humans’ studies. Chem Biol Interact. 2024;391:110911. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110911 EDN: SUXPRM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Scheepers LD, Freercks R, Merwe EV. Acute cypermethrin and other pyrethroid poisoning—an organophosphate-like poisoning: a case report and review. Toxicol Rep. 2023;11:107–110. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.013 EDN: MAUGRW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Xue Q, Pan A, Wen Y, et al. Association between pyrethroid exposure and cardiovascular disease: a national population-based cross-sectional study in the US. Environ Int. 2021;153:106545. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106545 EDN: RRVHXK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Alhegaili AS, Bafail DA, Bawahab AA, et al. The interplay of oxidative stress, apoptotic signaling, and impaired mitochondrial function in the pyrethroid-induced cardiac injury: alleviative role of curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticle. Food Chem Toxicol. 2024;194:115095. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.115095 EDN: EIYHIL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Chargui I, Falcioni ML, Cheikh HB, Gabbianelli R. Erythrocyte antioxidants enzymes imbalance following subcutaneous pyrethroid treatments in rats of different sex. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2010;30(2):116–120. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.04.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Meeker JD, Barr DB, Hauser R. Pyrethroid insecticide metabolites are associated with serum hormone levels in adult men. Reprod Toxicol. 2009;27(2):155–160. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.12.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Ortiz DM, Lee H, Park K. Application of the Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for evaluating endocrine disruption potential of selected pyrethroids by H295R steroidogenesis and ER/AR transcriptional activation. Chemosphere. 2025;373:144156. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144156 EDN: EEWYAG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Ravula AR, Yenugu S. Long term oral administration of a mixture of pyrethroids affects reproductive function in rats. Reprod Toxicol. 2019;89:1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.06.007 EDN: HQZOTW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Wang Q, Shen JY, Zhang R, et al. Effects and mechanisms of pyrethroids on male reproductive system. Toxicology. 2020;438:152460. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152460 EDN: AIUWLQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Imai K, Yoshinaga J, Yoshikane M, et al. Pyrethroid insecticide exposure and semen quality of young Japanese men. Reprod Toxicol. 2014;43:38–44. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.10.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Saillenfait AM, Sabaté JP, Denis F, et al. The pyrethroid insecticides permethrin and esfenvalerate do not disrupt testicular steroidogenesis in the rat fetus. Toxicology. 2018;410:116–124. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.09.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Normann SS, Ma Y, Andersen HR, et al. Pyrethroid exposure biomarker 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) binds to transthyretin and is positively associated with free T3 in pregnant women. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025;264:114495. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114495 EDN: BEQYSQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Watkins DJ, Fortenberry GZ, Sánchez BN, et al. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) levels among pregnant women in Mexico City: distribution and relationships with child neurodevelopment. Environ Res. 2016;147:307–313. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Ataei M, Abdollahi M. A systematic review of mechanistic studies on the relationship between pesticide exposure and cancer induction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2022;456:116280. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116280 EDN: VCIVLA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Hoang TT, Qi C, Paul KC, et al. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation and pesticide use in the agricultural lung health study. Environ Health Perspect. 2021;129(9):097008. doi: 10.1289/EHP8928 EDN: PEVATB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Alsulimani A, Das S, Akhter N, et al. Pesticide exposure promotes disease activity by decreasing lymphoproliferative activity and increasing IL-4 production in systemic sclerosis patients. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2025;47(1):112–119. doi: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2445731 EDN: PWEZXG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Coppola L, Lori G, Tait S, et al. Evaluation of developmental toxicity of chlorpyrifos through new approach methodologies: a systematic review. Arch Toxicol. 2025;99(3):935–981. doi: 10.1007/s00204-024-03945-6 EDN: KKGROO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Brandt C, Burnett DC, Arcinas L, et al. Effects of chlorpyrifos on in vitro sex steroid production and thyroid follicular development in adult and larval Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens. Chemosphere. 2015;132:179–187. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Galloway T, Handy R. Immunotoxicity of organophosphorous pesticides. Ecotoxicology. 2003;12(1-4):345–363. doi: 10.1023/a:1022579416322 EDN: PBTYSJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Thrasher JD, Heuser G, Broughton A. Immunological abnormalities in humans chronically exposed to chlorpyrifos. Arch Environ Health. 2002;57(3):181–187. doi: 10.1080/00039890209602934</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Mitra A, Sarkar M, Chatterjee C. Modulation of immune response by organophosphate pesticides: mammals as potential model. Proceeding Zoological Society. 2017;72(6):13–24. doi: 10.1007/s12595-017-0256-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Piera-Velazquez S, Wermuth PJ, Gomez-Reino JJ, et al. Chemical exposure-induced systemic fibrosing disorders: novel insights into systemic sclerosis etiology and pathogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(6):1226–1237. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.09.003 EDN: SUUMRI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Stinco G, Piccirillo F, de Francesco V, Patrone P. Scleroderma-like lesions and Parkinson’s disease: possible links with exposure to pesticides. Eur J Dermatol. 2007;17(3):256–257. doi: 10.1684/ejd.2007.0171</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Freire M, Alonso M, Rivera A, et al. Clinical peculiarities of patients with scleroderma exposed to silica: a systematic review of the literature. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45(3):294–300. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.06.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Bovenzi M, Barbone F, Betta A, et al. Scleroderma and occupational exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1995;21(4):289–292. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.40</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Walder B. Solvents and scleroderma. Lancet. 1965;2(7409):436–437. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)90778-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Haustein UF, Herrmann K. Environmental scleroderma. Clin Dermatol. 1994;12(3):467–473. doi: 10.1016/0738-081x(94)90299-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Haustein UF, Ziegler V. Environmentally induced systemic sclerosis‐like disorders. Int J Dermatol. 1985;24(3):147–151. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1985.tb05745.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Foti R, Leonardi R, Rondinone R, et al. Scleroderma-like disorders. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7(4):331–339. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2007.12.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Silman AJ, Hochberg MC. Occupational and environmental influences on scleroderma. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1996;22(4):737–749. doi: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70298-2</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
