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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-3095</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">693246</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinpract693246</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MCLKGJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Galactomannan ELISA in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid with surface-enhanced raman scattering readout</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммуноферментный анализ галактоманнана с ГКР-детекцией в образцах бронхоальвеолярного лаважа</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1836-9722</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2199-7648</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yurina</surname><given-names>Lyubov V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юрина</surname><given-names>Любовь Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>lyu.yurina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-0592</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7122-9629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>Alexandra D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Александра Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>alexandra.d.vasilyeva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1264-4770</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8722-2388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Evtushenko</surname><given-names>Evgeniy G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Евтушенко</surname><given-names>Евгений Геннадиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>evtushenko@enzyme.chem.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2058-8660</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6835-4460</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilina</surname><given-names>Elizaveta S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилина</surname><given-names>Елизавета Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>e.gavrilina98@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-4610</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9750-0292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krylov</surname><given-names>Vadim B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крылов</surname><given-names>Вадим Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р хим. наук</p></bio><email>v_krylov@ioc.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6620-7360</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1801-6408</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Basmanov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басманов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dmitry.basmanov@rcpcm.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0727-4050</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5160-0379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nifantiev</surname><given-names>Nikolay E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нифантьев</surname><given-names>Николай Эдуардович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р хим. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><email>nen@ioc.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-5866</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4977-5273</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurochkin</surname><given-names>Ilya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курочкин</surname><given-names>Илья Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р хим. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>inkurochkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemical Physics named after N.M. Emanuel</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимической физики имени Н.М. Эмануэля</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Organic Chemistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт органической химии имени Н.Д. Зелинского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины имени академика Ю.М. Лопухина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>62</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-15"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/693246">https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/693246</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Invasive aspergillosis is a threatening fungal infection with high mortality rates. One of the key factors for timely diagnostics of the disease is an approach based on detection of galactomannan, a polysaccharide from the pathogen’s cell wall. The existing galactomannan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) employ the colorimetric detection. The emergence of the new highly sensitive techniques for the measurement of peroxidase label in ELISA, e.g., based on the effect of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), facilitates the development of a next generation assays with improved sensitivity and with potentially broader range of biological fluids applicable for analysis. An important step of developing the new test-system is the demonstration of its applicability to real clinical samples and comparability of the results with reference method. <bold>AIM:</bold> To evaluate the applicability of the previously developed highly sensitive and selective SERS-based ELISA protocol for the measurement of Aspergillus galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. <bold>METHODS: </bold>Ten bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were analyzed using both the GalMAg-EIA ELISA kit (XEMA LLC, Russia) and the previously developed SERS-based ELISA, which employs o-phenylenediamine substrate and silver nanoparticles colloid. <bold>RESULTS:</bold> Using standard samples prepared with in vitro cultivated galactomannan, the limit of detection for the SERS-based ELISA was estimated as 53 pg/mL with the working range spanning up to 10.8 ng/mL and the mean coefficient of variation within this range being 4%. Using the GalMAg-EIA kit, 6 out of 10 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples were identified as positive and 4 — as negative. The comparison of the results for these two methods demonstrates the non-linear dependence with the Spearman coefficient of correlation being 0.93–0.95 (p=2.3×10<sup>-5</sup>–1.1×10<sup>-4</sup>). <bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> For the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples, the comparability of the results was demonstrated when detecting the galactomannan using the commercially available GalMAg-EIA kit and the previously developed SERS-based ELISA. The results confirm the high sensitivity of the SERS-based Aspergillus galactomannan ELISA and its prospectiveness for practical laboratory applications. Compared to chromogenic detection, the advantages of surface-enhanced Raman scattering readout include a lower limit of detection for galactomannan and increased sensitivity at the lower end of the galactomannan-positivity index (&lt;2). These findings could enable more accurate determination of the threshold for discriminating the positive and the negative samples. Thus, the research provides the basis for future larger scale trials of the SERS-based galactomannan ELISA in order to evaluate its applicability for clinical-laboratory diagnostics.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Инвазивный аспергиллёз является опасной грибковой инфекцией с высокой статистикой смертности. Одним из ключевых факторов своевременной диагностики заболевания является подход, основанный на обнаружении галактоманнана — полисахарида клеточной стенки возбудителя. Существующие иммуноферментные (ИФА) тест-системы для определения галактоманнана используют колориметрический метод регистрации. Появление новых высокочувствительных методик для измерения пероксидазной метки в иммуноферментном анализе, основанных, в частности, на эффекте гигантского комбинационного рассеяния (ГКР), открывает возможности для создания нового поколения тест-систем с улучшенной чувствительностью и потенциально более широким спектром пригодных для анализа биологических жидкостей. Важным этапом разработки новой тест-системы является демонстрация возможности измерений реальных клинических образцов и сравнение полученных результатов с референтным методом. <bold>Цель исследования</bold> — изучить применимость ранее разработанного высокочувствительного и селективного протокола иммуноферментного анализа, использующего детекцию сигнала методом гигантского комбинационного рассеяния, для определения галактоманнана Aspergillus в смывах с поверхности слизистой оболочки трахеи и бронхов, полученных с помощью процедуры бронхоальвеолярного лаважа. <bold>Методы.</bold> Десять образцов бронхоальвеолярного лаважа были проанализированы с помощью набора реагентов «GalMAg-ИФА» (ХЕМА, Россия), а также разработанного ранее метода иммуноферментного анализа с ГКР-детекцией, использующего субстрат о-фенилендиамин и золь наночастиц серебра. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Для калибровочных образцов, содержащих культуральный галактоманнан, предел обнаружения методики иммуноферментного анализа с ГКР-детекцией составил 53 пг/мл с рабочим диапазоном до 10,8 нг/мл и средним коэффициентом вариации в рабочем диапазоне 4%. C помощью набора реагентов «GalMAg-ИФА» 6 из 10 образцов бронхоальвеолярного лаважа были идентифицированы как положительные, 4 — как отрицательные. Сопоставление результатов двух методов демонстрирует нелинейную зависимость с коэффициентом корреляции Спирмена 0,93–0,95 (p=2,3×10<sup>-5</sup>–1,1×10<sup>-4</sup>). <bold>Заключение.</bold> Для образцов бронхоальвеолярного лаважа продемонстрирована сопоставимость результатов при определении галактоманнана с помощью коммерческого набора «GalMAg-ИФА» и разработанного иммуноферментного анализа с ГКР-детекцией. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют, что предложенный протокол иммуноферментного анализа с ГКР-детекцией для определения галактоманнана Aspergillus обладает высокой чувствительностью и является перспективным для применения в лабораторной практике. Преимуществом регистрации методом ГКР по сравнению с хромогенной детекцией являются снижение предела обнаружения галактоманнана и увеличение чувствительности в области низких значений индекса позитивности (&lt;2), что в будущем может позволить более точно определить порог разграничения положительных и отрицательных результатов. Таким образом, исследование предоставляет обоснование для испытаний предлагаемого протокола на большей выборке с целью получения заключения о возможности использования его в клинико-лабораторной диагностике.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Raman spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</kwd><kwd>ELISA</kwd><kwd>galactomannan</kwd><kwd>bronchoalveolar lavage</kwd><kwd>invasive pulmonary aspergillosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>комбинационное рассеяние света</kwd><kwd>иммуноферментный анализ</kwd><kwd>ИФА</kwd><kwd>галактоманнан</kwd><kwd>бронхоальвеолярный лаваж</kwd><kwd>инвазивный аспергиллёз лёгких</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science And Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-03-2024-401/3</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science And Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-00422-24-02</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (FFZZ-2024-0004, agreement No 075-03-2024-401/3 from 30 May 2024—synthesis of antigenic oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates thereof; FFZR-2024-0005, agreement No 075-00422-24-02 from 28 May 2024—preparation of silver nanoparticles, performing SERS-based ELISA).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (FFZZ-2024-0004, соглашение № 075-03-2024-401/3 от 30.05.2024 — Синтез антигенных олигосахаридов и их гликоконъюгатов; FFZR-2024-0005, соглашение № 075-00422-24-02 от 28.05.2024 — Получение серебряных наночастиц, проведение ИФА с использованием ГКР-детекции).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dagenais TR, Keller NP. 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