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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of Clinical Practice</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клиническая практика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2220-3095</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8627</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/clinpract702475</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IEKFIS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predictive markers of hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прогностические маркеры развития геморрагической трансформации при ишемическом инсульте</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-5490</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9105-6218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyang</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лянг</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>МD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>lyang@fccps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5294-5706</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7208-6556</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soldatov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солдатов</surname><given-names>Михаил Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>soldatov1477@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1314-3388</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5618-0734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimov</surname><given-names>Leonid V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климов</surname><given-names>Леонид Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dr.klimov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8572-7094</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6158-5433</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavaliy</surname><given-names>Lesya B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завалий</surname><given-names>Леся Богдановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ZavaliyLB@sklif.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4913-351X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5606-8751</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kiseleva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киселева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>tatiana-kis17@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2906-5117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamalova</surname><given-names>Daria N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамалова</surname><given-names>Дарья Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shamalova.daria@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-6801</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9181-3091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gubskiy</surname><given-names>Ilya L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Губский</surname><given-names>Илья Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>gubskiy.ilya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0789-4823</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5578-2649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Marskaya</surname><given-names>Nataliya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марская</surname><given-names>Наталия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>marskayana@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6250-0762</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2865-9817</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamalov</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамалов</surname><given-names>Николай Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>shamalovn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute for Healthcare Organization and Medical Management</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт организации здравоохранения и медицинского менеджмента</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи имени Н.В. Склифосовского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/702475">https://clinpractice.ru/clinpractice/article/view/702475</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ischemic stroke remains a major medical, social, and economic concern due to high disability rates and substantial treatment and rehabilitation costs. Reperfusion therapy (thrombolysis and thrombectomy) is one of the most effective therapeutic options, considerably reducing mortality and disability rates. However, 2%–7% of thrombolysis cases are associated with symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation, which causes clinical deterioration and limits rehabilitation. Hemorrhagic transformation is caused by a disruption of the blood-brain barrier, which has a protective function and is characterized by selective permeability. The blood-brain barrier is formed by endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, neurons, and the extracellular matrix. Tight junction proteins in endothelial cells are essential for maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity. In ischemic stroke, neuroinflammatory mechanisms are activated, leading to the degradation of tight junction proteins and extracellular matrix components, which results in increased blood-brain barrier permeability and dysfunction. Reperfusion therapy may exacerbate blood-brain barrier injury due to reactive hyperemia caused by impaired cerebral autoregulation. Existing imaging markers of hemorrhagic transformation (infarct volume, hyper dense middle cerebral artery sign on computed tomography, severity of leukoaraiosis, presence and extent of collateral circulation, etc.) are not always easily accessible or interpretable. Therefore, there is ongoing interest in identifying simple and reliable biomarkers that can serve as laboratory indicators. These include routine parameters (serum glucose, urinary albumin, lipid profile parameters, thromboelastography indices, B-type natriuretic peptide) as well as more specific markers such as matrix metalloproteinases, tight junction proteins, intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules, and endogenous fibrinolysis inhibitors. This review discusses promising biomarkers and their role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic transformation, with a particular emphasis on their sensitivity, specificity, and the availability of threshold values.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ишемический инсульт представляет собой актуальную медико-социальную и экономическую проблему современности ввиду высокой частоты инвалидизации и значимых затрат на лечение и реабилитацию. Одним из наиболее эффективных способов лечения является реперфузионная терапия (тромболизис, тромбоэкстракция), проведение которой снижает показатели летальности и инвалидизации, однако в 2–7% случаев тромболизиса развивается симптомная геморрагическая трансформация очага поражения, что приводит к ухудшению состояния и ограничивает возможности реабилитации. Развитие геморрагической трансформации связано с повреждением гематоэнцефалического барьера, выполняющего защитную функцию и обладающего избирательной проницаемостью. Гематоэнцефалический барьер формируется эндотелиальными клетками, астроцитами, перицитами при участии структур внеклеточного матрикса и нейронов; важную роль в его проницаемости играют белки плотных контактов в эндотелиальных клетках. При ишемическом инсульте запускаются нейровоспалительные механизмы, приводящие к разрушению плотных контактов и внеклеточного матрикса и, как следствие, к повышению проницаемости и дисфункции гематоэнцефалического барьера. Реперфузионная терапия может усугубить повреждение гематоэнцефалического барьера за счёт реактивной гиперемии с нарушением церебральной ауторегуляции. Существующие инструментальные маркеры риска развития геморрагической трансформации (объём инфаркта, симптом гиперденсивной средней мозговой артерии при исследовании методом компьютерной томографии, выраженность лейкоареоза, наличие и выраженность коллатерального кровотока и др.) не всегда доступны и легки в интерпретации, в связи с чем сохраняется интерес к поиску простых и точных биомаркеров, в частности лабораторных показателей — рутинных (глюкоза в сыворотке, альбумин в моче, показатели липидного профиля, показатели тромбоэластограммы, мозговой натрийуретический пептид В-типа) и специфических (матриксные металлопротеиназы, белки плотных контактов, молекулы межклеточной и сосудистой адгезии, эндогенные ингибиторы фибринолиза). В обзоре рассматриваются перспективные молекулярные маркеры с учётом их роли в патогенезе развития геморрагической трансформации, выбранные на основе данных по чувствительности, специфичности и наличию пороговых значений показателя.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hemorrhagic transformation</kwd><kwd>ischemic stroke</kwd><kwd>thrombolysis</kwd><kwd>thromboextraction</kwd><kwd>biomarker</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>геморрагическая трансформация</kwd><kwd>ишемический инсульт</kwd><kwd>тромболизис</kwd><kwd>тромбоэкстракция</kwd><kwd>биомаркер</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное медико-биологическое агентство</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>НИОКТР 1024031500085-1-3.2.25</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article was prepared as part of the research project “Creation of a protocol for a comprehensive multimodal examination of patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke, which allows for the identification of predictors of the development of hemorrhagic transformation of the brain lesion, for a personalized approach to reperfusion therapy”, №1024031500085-1-3.2.25, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal center of brain research and neurotechnologies” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проведения НИР «Создание протокола комплексного мультимодального обследования пациентов в острейшем периоде ишемического инсульта, позволяющего выявлять предикторы развития геморрагической трансформации очага поражения головного мозга, для персонифицированного подхода к проведению реперфузионной терапии», рег. № НИОКТР 1024031500085-1-3.2.25, на базе ФГБУ «Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий» ФМБА России.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Игнатьева В.И., Вознюк И.А., Шамалов Н.А., и др. 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